4
COOPER v. HARRIS
Opinion of the Court
at either stage of the analysis. But the court’s findings of
fact—most notably, as to whether racial considerations
predominated in drawing district lines—are subject to
review only for clear error. See Fed. Rule Civ. Proc.
52(a)(6); Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U. S. 234, 242 (2001)
(Cromartie II); id., at 259 (THOMAS, J., dissenting). Under
that standard, we may not reverse just because we “would
have decided the [matter] differently.” Anderson v. Bes
semer City, 470 U. S. 564, 573 (1985). A finding that is
“plausible” in light of the full record—even if another is
equally or more so—must govern. Id., at 574.
B
This case concerns North Carolina’s most recent redrawing of two congressional districts, both of which have long
included substantial populations of black voters. In its
current incarnation, District 1 is anchored in the northeastern part of the State, with appendages stretching both
south and west (the latter into Durham). District 12
begins in the south-central part of the State (where it
takes in a large part of Charlotte) and then travels northeast, zig-zagging much of the way to the State’s northern
border. (Maps showing the districts are included in an
appendix to this opinion.) Both have quite the history
before this Court.
We first encountered the two districts, in their 1992
versions, in Shaw v. Reno, 509 U. S. 630 (1993). There, we
held that voters stated an equal protection claim by alleging that Districts 1 and 12 were unwarranted racial gerrymanders. See id., at 642, 649. After a remand to the
District Court, the case arrived back at our door. See
Shaw II, 517 U. S. 899. That time, we dismissed the
challenge to District 1 for lack of standing, but struck
down District 12. The design of that “serpentine” district,
we held, was nothing if not race-centric, and could not be
justified as a reasonable attempt to comply with the VRA.