Chapter 5 • Human Rights and Arrest, Pre-Trial and Administrative Detention 3. The Right to Liberty and Security of the Person: Field of Applicability of the Legal Protection 3.1 Universal legal responsibility: All States are bound by the law Article 9(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 6 of the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights, article 7(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights and article 5(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights guarantee a person’s right to “liberty” and “security”. Moreover, as stated by the International Court of Justice in its dictum in the Hostages in Tehran case, “wrongfully to deprive human beings of their freedom and to subject them to physical constraint in conditions of hardship is in itself incompatible with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, as well as with the fundamental principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, article 3 of which guarantees “the right to life, liberty and security of person”.3 It follows that, notwithstanding that a State may not have ratified or otherwise adhered to any of the preceding human rights treaties, it is nonetheless bound by other legal sources to ensure a person’s right to respect for his or her liberty and security. 3.2 The notion of security of person: State responsibility to act The present chapter will focus on deprivations of liberty, but it is important to point out that, in spite of being linked to the concept of “liberty” in the above-mentioned legal texts, the notion of security of person, as such, has a wider field of application. The Human Rights Committee has thus held that article 9(1) of the Covenant “protects the right to security of person also outside the context of formal deprivation of liberty”, and that an interpretation of article 9 “which would allow a State party to ignore threats to the personal security of non-detained persons subject to its jurisdiction would render totally ineffective the guarantees of the Covenant”.4 In the view of the Committee, “it cannot be the case that, as a matter of law, States can ignore known threats to the life of persons under their jurisdiction, just because he or she is not arrested or otherwise detained”; on the contrary, “States parties are under an obligation to take reasonable and appropriate measures to protect them”.5 3 Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), ICJ Reports 1980, p. 42, para. 91. 4 Communication No. 711/1996, Dias v. Angola (Views adopted on 20 March 2000), in UN doc. GAOR, A/55/50 (vol. II), p. 114, para. 8.3. 5 Communication No. 195/1985, W. Delgado Páez v. Colombia (Views adopted on 12 July 1990), in UN doc. GAOR, A/45/40 (vol. II), p. 47, para. 5.5. 162 Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: A Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers