Contents 2. The Administration of Justice and Children: Persistent Concerns ..........400 3. The Definition of “Child” ..............................................................................401 3.1 3.2 4. The age of majority in general........................................................................401 The age of criminal responsibility..................................................................401 The Rights of the Child in the Administration of Justice: Some Basic Principles......................................................................................404 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The principle of non-discrimination .............................................................404 The best interests of the child ........................................................................405 The child’s right to life, survival and development.....................................406 The child’s right to be heard...........................................................................407 5. The Aims of Juvenile Justice ..........................................................................408 6. The Duty to Create a Juvenile Justice System .............................................411 7. The Accused Child and the Administration of Justice...............................411 7.1 7.2 7.3 8. The Child and Deprivation of Liberty..........................................................420 8.1 8.2 8.3 9. The right to freedom from torture and from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment ..............................................................412 General treatment of the child/the child’s best interests...........................413 Some fundamental procedural rights ............................................................414 7.3.1 The principle of nullum crimen sine lege .............................................414 7.3.2 The right to be presumed innocent .............................................................415 7.3.3 The right to prompt information and the right to legal assistance................415 7.3.4 The right to be tried without delay.............................................................416 7.3.5 The right not to incriminate oneself and the right to examine and have witnesses...........................................................................................417 7.3.6 The right to review....................................................................................417 7.3.7 The right to free assistance of an interpreter ...............................................418 7.3.8 The right to respect for privacy ..................................................................418 The meaning of deprivation of liberty ..........................................................421 Deprivation of liberty: a measure of last resort ...........................................421 The rights of the child deprived of liberty ...................................................422 8.3.1 The right to humane treatment..................................................................422 8.3.2 The right of the child to be separated from adults.......................................423 8.3.3 The right of the child to remain in contact with his or her family ................424 8.3.4 The child’s rights to prompt access to legal assistance and to legal challenge of detention ................................................................................424 8.3.5 The child and the general conditions of detention........................................425 8.3.6 The rights of the child and disciplinary measures .......................................427 The Rights of the Child and Penal Sanctions ..............................................429 10. The Accused Child and the Question of Diversion ...................................430 10.1 The meaning of the term “diversion”...........................................................430 10.2 Diversion and the responsible authorities....................................................431 Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: A Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers xv