Contents
3.
Challenges to the Independence and Impartiality of the Legal
Professions ........................................................................................................116
4.
International Law and the Independence and Impartiality of the
Judiciary .............................................................................................................117
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.
International Law and the Independence of Prosecutors .........................147
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, 1990 ..............................................147
Professional qualifications ..............................................................................147
Status and conditions of service.....................................................................148
Freedom of expression and association........................................................148
The role in criminal proceedings ...................................................................148
Alternatives to prosecution.............................................................................149
Accountability ...................................................................................................150
International Law and the Independence of Lawyers................................150
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
viii
Applicable international law ...........................................................................117
Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, 1985 ...................119
The notions of independence and impartiality: links and
basic differences ...............................................................................................119
The notion of institutional independence ....................................................120
4.4.1 Independence as to administrative matters .................................................120
4.4.2 Independence as to financial matters..........................................................121
4.4.3 Independence as to decision-making...........................................................121
4.4.4 Jurisdictional competence...........................................................................122
4.4.5 The right and duty to ensure fair court proceedings and give
reasoned decisions .....................................................................................122
The notion of individual independence........................................................123
4.5.1 Appointment............................................................................................123
4.5.2 Security of tenure......................................................................................127
4.5.3 Financial security .....................................................................................128
4.5.4 Promotion ................................................................................................129
4.5.5 Accountability..........................................................................................129
4.5.6 Freedom of expression and association ......................................................132
4.5.7 Training and education ............................................................................133
4.5.8 The right and duty to ensure fair court proceedings and give
reasoned decisions .....................................................................................134
The notion of impartiality...............................................................................135
Military and other special courts and tribunals............................................139
Applicable international law ...........................................................................150
Duties and responsibilities ..............................................................................151
Guarantees for the functioning of lawyers...................................................151
Lawyers and fundamental freedoms .............................................................153
6.4.1 Executive permission to exercise the legal profession...................................153
6.4.2 The right to peaceful assembly...................................................................154
6.4.3 The right to freedom of association ............................................................155
6.4.4 The right to freedom of expression .............................................................156
Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: A Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers