Election Investigations Guidebook assessing the performance of investigators both during and after operations into their supervision structure.357 In this manner, supervisors can check compliance with rules and regulations, codes of conduct, internal policies, and investigation standards through regular inspection and reporting.358 Such a supervisory reporting system can provide timely information for the investigative body to addresses issues of concern and to identify trends in complaints and gaps in resources. Furthermore, investigative bodies can conduct a review of the entire investigation process following the resolution of the electoral process. Using the standard encompassed in the American Bar Association’s Standards for Prosecutorial Investigation, an investigative body could, to the extent to which this is possible, “analyze investigations retrospectively” and “evaluate techniques and steps that worked well or that proved to be deficient.”359 Codes of Conduct Many countries employ codes of conduct to stipulate how election officials should carry out their duties. Election experts have recognized that electoral codes of conduct “can contribute to fairness and to the appearance of fairness in the administration of an election.”360 By reinforcing the legal framework and promoting the rule of law, they can heighten the credibility, transparency, and accountability of the electoral process and facilitate the emergence of a democratic political culture.361 Codes of conduct should address several basic issues, including the avoidance of conflicts of interest, the commitment to maintaining the integrity of the electoral process, the support for the principle of political non-partisanship, the provision of quality service, and the adherence to regulations and managerial directions.362 Impartiality and objectivity are also common principle-based standards for codes of conduct for public servants.363 In Pakistan, the Election Commission instructs election investigators to abide by the principles of 357 Id. ¶ 120. 358 Id. ¶ 121. 359 ABA Standards for Prosecutorial Investigations, supra note 82, § 2.14(d). 360 Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), Codes of Conduct for Elections: A Study Prepared for the Inter-Parliamentary Union 3 (1998), http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/CODES_E.pdf. 361 Id.; see also Orozco-Henríquez et al., supra note 101, at 12. 362 See Orozco-Henríquez et al., supra note 101, at 12. 363 Stuart C. Gilman, Ethics Codes and Codes of Conduct as Tools for Promoting an Ethical and Professional Public Service: Comparative Successes and Lessons 13 (2005), http://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/35521418.pdf. 108