Index
Convention Against Corruption, 135–136,
142
corruption elimination, 141–142
Costa Rica
conducting interviews, 70
document retention and records
management, 88
evidence sources, 64
preservation of records, 88
transparency and privacy, 89–90
Council of Europe, 50–51
criminal conduct and electoral dispute
resolution, 16–17
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 65
direction setting, supervision, and
evaluation for investigative bodies
and investigators, 105–106
disciplinary measures, investigative
bodies and investigators, 109–114
dismissal of complaint/summary
judgment, 33–35
document retention and records
management, 84–88
Domingo v. Commission on Elections, 61
due process
evidence thresholds for full
investigations, 64–65
fact-finding and adjudication
procedures for electoral dispute
resolution, 15–17, 18
Ecuador, evidence sources, 64
effective investigations, 91–122
competence standards for
investigative bodies, 99–100
defined mandate for investigation,
93–96
described, 13–14, 19, 37, 91, 92
professionalism of investigative
bodies and investigators, 104–
105
recruitment of investigative staff,
100–102
referral and joint investigation,
96–98
training and professional
development for investigative
staff, 102–104
See also accountability of
investigative bodies and
investigators
efficiency and prompt investigations,
47–49
election dispute resolution (EDR)
process, 23–24, 98
elections
legitimacy of electoral alternatives,
7
political nature of, 7
See also electoral disputes
Elections Investigations Guidebook. See
Guidebook
electoral disputes
challenges to resolution of, 15–17
in democracies, 7–9
fact-finding and adjudication
procedures, 15–17, 18
importance of resolution of, 15
rules for resolution of, 7–8
electoral management bodies (EMBs)
complaint triage and preliminary
assessment, 28–29
defined mandate for investigation,
92–96
fact-finding and adjudication
procedures, 16–17
perceived structural conflicts of
interest, 22
search and seizure procedures, 67
electronic voting machines (EVMs), 65
El-Masri v. the Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia, 59, 68
European Court of Human Rights
analyzing evidence and presenting
findings, 78–79
conducting interviews, 68
disciplinary measures for
investigator misconduct, 110–
111
dismissal of complaints, 34
effective investigations, 92
investigation mandate, 95–96
objectivity of investigative body,
127–128
Protocol 14 of the European
Convention, 29–30
substantiation and corroboration of
evidence, 59–61
147