Introduction the effect on the results, and the likely remedy (criminal or administrative) prior to beginning an investigation would guide investigators in determining the type of investigation, appropriate standard of evidence, burden of proof, timeline for investigation, and applicable due process rights. Based on the patterns that emerged during desk research, expert discussions, and survey response analysis, the IFES team refined the initial publication outline to reflect the United Nations Human Rights Committee’s General Comment 31 on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Administrative mechanisms are particularly required to give effect to the general obligation to investigate allegations of violations promptly, thoroughly and effectively through independent and impartial bodies. ICCPR General Comment 31 (ICCPR). General Comment 31 specifically references administrative violations but also provides a framework for considering investigations into all types of allegations. The general principles identified in General Comment 31 should apply regardless of the body responsible for investigating the complaint, which may vary depending on the violation type. The principle of prompt investigation outlined in General Comment 31 is particularly important in election contexts, whose processes and results are time-bound. Furthermore, the evidence obtained during election investigations could be time-sensitive or subject to destruction after an election in accordance with statutory guidelines, and the impunity for electoral offenses could linger from one electoral cycle to the next and harm the democratic process—if not dealt with in a timely manner. The principle of thorough investigation is important for ensuring that any action taken in response to a dispute or allegation is based on merits substantiated by sound evidence. The principle of effective investigation ties directly to the fact that individuals must have access to effective remedies to vindicate their political rights. The right to an effective remedy can be undermined if the investigation process into an alleged violation is not effective. Finally, the principle that stipulates that investigations must be undertaken by independent and impartial bodies is fundamental for the legitimacy of the investigation process and outcome 19