Table of
Contents
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
What Do We Mean by Disinformation? ................................................................................................................. 4
Applicable Principles and International Standards ................................................................................................ 6
International Human Rights: Freedom of Expression and Opinion ................................................................... 6
Timely, Effective and Proportional Remedies ................................................................................................... 8
Issue Area 1: Balancing Free Speech with Appropriate Restrictions at the National Level ................................. 9
A.
New Issues, Old Laws .............................................................................................................................. 9
B.
National Legal Frameworks .................................................................................................................... 10
Issue 2: Provision of Remedies ........................................................................................................................... 13
A.
Rapid or Summary Judgments Can Be Very Effective ........................................................................... 13
B.
Courts Pushing Back – Imposing Significant Sanctions ......................................................................... 16
C.
Deterring Frivolous Cases ...................................................................................................................... 17
Issue 3: Innovations and Institutional Reforms for Courts to Consider ............................................................... 19
A.
Foster Preventive Measures Ahead of the Elections .............................................................................. 20
B.
Break Judicial Isolation: Share Lessons Learned and Build Communities of Practice ........................... 22
Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 23
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