Guidelines for Understanding, Adjudicating, and Resolving Disputes in Elections (GUARDE) Edited by Chad Vickery © 2011 IFES. All rights reserved. International Foundation for Electoral Systems 1850 K Street, NW Fifth Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 USA Notice of rights All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-931459-62-2 Photography Credits: Front cover — REUTERS/Cheryl Ravelo Introduction — Aileen Tangonan Chapter 1 — ANTARA/Ampelsa Pasa Chapter 2 — AP Photo/David Longstreath Chapter 3 — AP Photo/Visar Kryeziu Chapter 4 — AP Photo/Gregory Bull Chapter 5 — Photo courtesy Afghanistan Joint Electoral Management Body Chapter 6 — IFES/Bradley Austin