Figure 4.3. Number of levels of adjudication for disputes related to the nomination and registration of electoral contestants 6% 40% 54% 1 2 3 Notes: Data for 155 countries. Graph represents the data in EJD as of August 2015. Figure 4.4 shows that among the stakeholders who are entitled to dispute the nomination or registration of a candidate or political party to run in an election, candidates (or political party representatives), political parties, eligible voters and registered voters appear in the electoral legislation more often than other types of stakeholders. The term ‘any citizen’ or similar wording is used in the legislation of only 22 countries. EMBs and election observers can challenge decisions on nomination or registration in only 9 and 8 countries, respectively. The option ‘other entities’ includes initiative groups, various associations and the attorney general, among others. More details can be found in the online database. The research found that legislation in 15 countries does not specify who may challenge or file complaints about the nomination or registration of electoral contestants. Figure 4.4. Who can challenge the nomination or registration of electoral contestants? 122 (77%) Candidate/party representative and/or political party 47 (30%) Eligible and/or registered voters 22 (14%) Any citizen Electoral management body 9 (6%) Election observer 8 (5%) 4 (3%) Government representative Other entities 19 (12%) 15 (9%) Not specified 0 30 60 90 120 150 Notes: Graph shows number (percentage) of countries with each option. Some countries have more than one option. Data for 158 countries. Graph represents data in the EJD as of August 2015. 33