As in the case of disputes related to election results, it is interesting to find out to what extent voters and citizens in general have the right to challenge decisions on the registration or nomination of electoral contestants. The findings (see Figure 4.5) suggest that in the majority of countries (67 per cent), voters and citizens cannot challenge decisions regarding the nomination or registration of electoral contestants. Interestingly, the proportions are the same for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, which are mostly established democracies, as for non-OECD countries. This is an important finding that warrants further research. Figure 4.5. Can citizens challenge the nomination or registration of electoral contestants? 33% Data from 177 countries Countries where citizens are allowed to challenge the decisions regarding registration or nomination of candidates/parties for legislative elections The proportion of countries is the same in both OECD* countries (mostly established democracies) and non-OECD countries 10% non-OECD countries (143 countries) 33,5% 32,4% OECD countries (34 countries) Countries where citizens can challenge the candidate/party registration or nomination for elections Countries where legislation is silent or does not allow citizens to challenge the candidate/party registration or nomination for elections Countries not covered in the research Source: www.idea.int/elections/ej * OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Notes: The term ‘citizens’ in this map covers the options ‘eligible voters’, ‘registered voters’ and ‘any citizen’. Graph represents the data in EJD as of August 2015. 34