In 39 countries (23 per cent), the research found that campaign financerelated infractions are considered only as criminal acts and thus dealt with in these countries’ criminal courts. It should be noted, however, that some countries impose both administrative and criminal sanctions for campaign finance infractions. The administrative sanctions used in such countries are described in this chapter, and their criminal aspects in Chapter 6. In only 82 countries (48 per cent) did the research find clear provisions in law that specifically regulate institutional oversight of campaign finance and impose administrative sanctions for campaign finance infractions (see Figure 5.2). The key findings on those countries are set out in the following sections. Figure 5.2. Does the country prescribe institutional oversight of campaign finance? 29% 48% Yes, administrative sanctions or penalties are imposed for campaign finance infractions Yes, only criminal sanctions or penalties are imposed for campaign finance infractions 23% No specific regulation was found on campaign finance oversight Notes: Data for 170 countries. Graph represents the data in the EJD as of August 2015. Institutions with powers to impose administrative sanctions for campaign finance infractions In almost half the countries that have provisions on campaign finance oversight, the highest-level EMBs—that is, the central electoral management bodies—are in charge of this function (Figure 5.3). Each of the remaining types of institution are represented in less than 10 per cent of countries. The ‘Other’ option includes various types of institution, such as the anti-corruption agencies in Latvia and Serbia, the Chairman of the Knesset in Israel and the Party Transparency Tribunal in Austria, among others. In three countries (Colombia, the Cook Islands and Nicaragua), even though the legislation provides for administrative sanctions against campaign finance infractions, it was not possible to identify from their laws what types of institutions have a formal role in imposing such sanctions. 43