Figure 5.3. Institutions with the power to impose administrative sanctions for campaign finance infractions 39 (48%) EMB (highest level) EMB (lower level) 7 (9%) Courts of general jurisdiction (including Supreme Court) 7 (9%) Audit Agency 7 (9%) Constitutional Court/Council 2 (2%) Election Tribunal/Court 2 (2%) 1 (1%) Administrative Court 21 (26%) Other 3 (4%) Not specified 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Notes: Graph shows number (percentage) of countries with each option. Some countries have more than one institution in charge of campaign finance. Data for 82 countries. Graph represents the data in EJD as of August 2015. Types of sanction available for campaign finance infractions The findings in Figure 5.4 show that the most common administrative sanction for campaign finance-related infractions is a fine, which is imposed in 49 countries (60 per cent). Public funds can be withdrawn in more than a quarter of countries. The option ‘Other’ includes various types of sanction, such as the disqualification of a candidate for a certain period of time, as practiced in India, Mozambique, Nepal and Pakistan; and de-registration of a political party in Cambodia, Ecuador and Guatemala. More details can be found in the online database. Figure 5.4. Types of sanction for campaign finance infractions 49 (60%) Fines Withdrawal of public funding 23 (28%) 14 (17%) Cancellation of candidate/party registration for election Forfeiture 10 (12%) Removal from elected office 8 (10%) 20 (24%) Other Not specified 4 (5%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 Notes: Graph shows number (percentage) of countries with each option. Some countries have more than one type of sanction. Data for 82 countries. Graph represents the data in the EJD as of August 2015. 44