Figure 6.3. Penalties for election-related criminal offences Penalties for fraud (data for 164 countries) Both fine and imprisonment Fine Penalties for obstructing the electoral processes (data for 166 countries) 137 19 10 Imprisonment 40 30 90 120 150 18 5 35 0 30 90 120 150 10 8 10 20 40 50 34 0 20 60 70 40 60 80 Both fine and imprisonment Fine 100 120 44 21 2 80 18 0 10 20 30 Notes: Columns represent the number of countries. Some countries have more than one type of penalties. Graph represents the data in EJD as of August 2015. Investigation of election-related criminal offences Previous global reviews of EDR systems concluded that in the vast majority of countries, the criminal procedure for electoral offences is the same as that for any other crime (Orozco-Henríquez et al. 2010: paras 112–14). However, this earlier research did not look into the detail of the types of bodies in charge of investigating election-related crime. This global research found that in the majority of countries, public prosecutors and the police are in charge of investigating electionrelated crime, which largely confirms the results of the previous reviews (Figure 6.4). In some countries, however, other entities investigate such crimes. For instance, special investigators are in charge of investigating election-related crime in 11 countries, such as the Special Prosecutor for electoral crimes in Mexico and Nicaragua; and investigations are carried out by the EMB in eight countries, three of which are in Latin America (Bolivia, the Dominican Republic and Honduras) where the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, which is the EMB, usually handles the investigation of electoral crime. ‘Other’ entities include the local courts in Chile, the Inspectorate of the Ministry of the Interior in Slovenia and the Anti-Corruption Committee in Zambia. The research found that legislation in 41 countries does not clearly specify which entity is in charge of investigating election-related crime. 51 150 6 Other 30 120 110 Imprisonment 17 0 90 Penalties for unlawful conduct of campaign financing (data for 72 countries) 73 Other 60 23 Other 60 Penalties for offences related to voter registration (data for 90 countries) Imprisonment 30 Both fine and imprisonment Fine Imprisonment Other Both fine and imprisonment Fine 38 0 Penalties for threat driven voter coercion (data for 141 countries) 133 Imprisonment 24 5 Other 60 Penalties for incentive driven voter coercion (data for 157 countries) Both fine and imprisonment Fine 134 Imprisonment Other 0 Both fine and imprisonment Fine 40 50