Since there are more than two levels of adjudication of electoral disputes in some countries, Figure 3.2 presents a somewhat simplified representation of reality. As Figure 3.3 shows, in 10 per cent of countries, there is at least one additional body between the first- and last-instance bodies. Apart from the number of intermediary bodies and the total number of days it takes for the whole EDR process, the EJD does not provide detailed data on these intermediary levels of adjudication. Figure 3.3. Number of levels of adjudication for disputes related to elections results 2% 8% 39% 51% 1 2 3 4 or more Notes: Data for 172 countries. Graph represents the data in the EJD as of August 2015. Who can challenge election results with the firstinstance EDR body? Generally, all stakeholders affected either directly or indirectly by the election outcome should be entitled to challenge the election results or file complaints about misconduct during or after the elections, given that the resolution of these challenges or complaints may affect the election results. One of the aims of the research was to investigate the extent to which legislation in different countries contains provisions about who should be allowed to submit such challenges or complaints. The findings show that the groups of stakeholders most often entitled to submit complaints or challenge the election results are candidates (or party representatives), political parties and eligible or registered voters (Figure 3.4). It should be noted that legislation in most countries does not clearly distinguish between registered and eligible voters. In such cases, both answers are selected. Where legislation clearly differentiates between these two groups, the answers are coded separately. For example, the legislation of 25 countries clearly specifies that only registered voters are entitled to challenge election results. 19