Appendix B. Glossary of electoral justice terminology Ad hoc EDR system An EDR system that involves an ad hoc body derived from a provisional or transitional arrangement. This might be created either with international involvement, or as an internal national institutional solution. The key characteristic of this type of EDR system is its provisional or transitional nature: the ad hoc body is tasked with the resolution of the challenges arising from a specific election or series of elections held over a given period. The body itself may be legislative, judicial or administrative in nature. Adjudication The legal process of resolving a dispute. The formal pronouncement of a judgement or decree in a court proceeding, which also includes the judgement or decision given. The entry of a decree by a court in respect of the parties in a case. It implies a hearing by a court, after notice, of legal evidence on the factual issue(s) involved. Administrative challenges Those challenges that are resolved by the EMB in charge of directing, organizing, administering and overseeing election procedures. Through such a challenge, those affected may oppose an electoral action or decision using a procedure in which either the same organ of the EMB that issued the action or decision being challenged or another of a higher rank decides the dispute. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) A means for disputing parties to come to an agreement short of litigation. ADR is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law and arbitration. (Sometimes a fifth type, conciliation, is included as well, but for the present purposes it can be regarded as a form of mediation.) ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems, or as a result of mistrust in the conventional system. Alternative electoral dispute-resolution mechanism (AEDR mechanism) AEDR mechanisms may exist alongside formal EDR mechanisms or come into being on an ad hoc basis or in exceptional circumstances. They provide for one or more parties to a conflict to initiate a process to resolve it, unilaterally, bilaterally, or through a third party or agency. In the latter case, the equivalent judicial mechanisms are conciliation, mediation and arbitration. Alternative electoral dispute resolution (AEDR) Bodies, institutions and/or mechanisms that operate outside the legally established EDRBs and/or systems which handle, deal with and/or settle disputes related to electoral processes. These are usually informal/ traditional bodies and/or mechanisms, such as ad hoc committees for the supervision of compliance with codes of conduct, traditional dispute-resolution mechanisms, non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations and so on. Annulment (making void) There are three types of annulment: the annulment of a single ballot; the annulment of the votes received at a particular polling station; and the annulment of an entire election. 57