Resolving Disputes from the 2013 Elections in Kenya and the Emerging Jurisprudence Canadian Elections Act, a judicial recount is in practice granted on an exparte application82 and in conducting it, the presiding judge subsumes the role of the returning officers. A contest of election results on the other hand is premised on allegations of irregularities, fraud or corruption and illegal practices83 and is filed after the declaration of election results. It is akin to the Kenyan election petition. 4.4 Scrutiny at the Tallying Centers The fifth stage of scrutiny is at the tallying centers.84 The first phase of tallying is at county headquarters for the senatorial, gubernatorial, and county women representative elections; and at the constituency or district headquarters for Presidential election and that of the members of the national and county assemblies. The scrutiny at this stage is limited to the examination of the forms with the numerical results from polling stations.85 After this tallying and collation of votes, the results thereof are transposed to Forms 36 for Presidential election and to Forms 35 for all other elections. The second phase of tallying and collation of votes is in respect of the Presidential election and is carried out at the national tallying center. This tallying is limited to only the examination of Forms 34, which have the numerical results from polling stations and 36, which have the constituency tallies. Particular emphasis is, once again, placed on the aspect of transparency in the tallying of the votes at that center. One of the major complaints in the Raila Odinga case was the ejection of the party agents and observers from the presidential vote tallying room. The parties traded accusations on the cause of that ejection. While the petitioners claimed that, contrary to Regulation 85(1) (e) of the Election Regulations, the IEBC ejected party agents and accredited observers from the National tallying center when they pointed out 82 G Tardi, ‘Judicial Recount of Election Results: The Saskatchewan Experience in 2000,’ MSU-DCL Journal of International Law (2001) 10, 477,, http://www.heinonline.org, at 23 October 2015. 83 G Tardi, ‘Judicial Recount of Election Results: The Saskatchewan Experience in 2000,’ MSU-DCL Journal of International Law (2001) 10, 474, (http://www.heinonline.org) at 23 October 2015. 84 The Election Regulations, 2012, reg. 84 provides for three tallying centers, which shall be located in public buildings and gazetted by the Commission. They are in Nairobi, for the presidential election; at county headquarters for the senatorial, gubernatorial, and county women representative elections; and at constituency or district headquarters for the election of the members of the national and county assemblies. 85 These are Forms 34 for presidential elections; Forms 35 for elections of members of the national county assemblies as well as senatorial, gubernatorial and county women representative elections. The results of the tallying and collation of votes at the constituency and county tallying centers are recorded on Forms 36 and duly announced at those centers. The winners of the elections, that is, members of the national and county assemblies as well as the county senatorial, gubernatorial and women representatives are then issued with the certificates of results in Forms 38. 256

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