include any effort to derogate any right that flows from the Constitution or from federal law. Section 241 has been an important statutory tool in election crime prosecutions. Originally held to apply only to schemes to corrupt elections for federal office, it has been successfully applied to non-federal elections as well, provided that state action was a necessary feature of the fraud. This state action requirement can be met not only by the participation of poll officials and notaries public, but by activities of persons who clothe themselves with the appearance of state authority, e.g., with uniforms, credentials, and badges. Williams v. United States, 341 U.S. 97 (1951). Section 241 embraces conspiracies to: • stuff a ballot box with forged ballots, United States v. Saylor, 322 U.S. 385 (1944); United States v. Mosley, 238 U.S. 383 (1915); • prevent the official count of ballots in primary elections, United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299 (1941); • destroy voter registration applications, United States v. Haynes, Nos. 91-5979, 91-6076, 1992 WL 296782, at *1 (6th Cir. Oct. 15, 1992); • destroy ballots, United States v. Townsley, 843 F.2d 1070, 1073–75 (8th Cir. 1988); • exploit the infirmities of elderly or handicapped people by casting absentee ballots in their names, United States v. Morado, 454 F.2d 167, 171 (5th Cir. 1972); 34