As with the mail and wire fraud statutes, each use of the
interstate facility or mail in furtherance of the bribery scheme is a
separate offense. United States v. Jabara, 644 F.2d 574, 577–78 (6th
Cir. 1981). The defendant need not actually have used the facility or
mail, so long as it was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of his or
her activities. United States v. Kelley, 395 F.2d 727, 729 (2d Cir.
1968). Nor need the jurisdictional act have in itself constituted the
illegal activity, as long as it promoted it in some way. United States v.
Welch, 327 F.3d 1081, 1092 (10th Cir. 2003); United States v.
Bagnariol, 665 F.2d 877, 898–99 (9th Cir. 1981); United States v.
Peskin, 527 F.2d 71, 79 n.3 (7th Cir. 1975); McIntosh v. United
States, 385 F.2d 274, 276 (8th Cir. 1967).
An unusual feature of the Travel Act is that it requires an
overt act subsequent to the jurisdictional event charged in the
indictment. Thus, if a Travel Act charge is predicated on a use of the
mails, the government must allege and prove that the defendant
subsequently acted to further the underlying unlawful activity. The
subsequent overt act need not be unlawful in itself; this element has
been generally held to be satisfied by the commission of a legal act as
long as the act facilitated the unlawful activity. See, e.g., United
States v. Davis, 780 F.2d 838, 842 (10th Cir. 1985).
The Travel Act may be particularly useful in voter bribery cases
in non-federal elections that involve the mailing of absentee ballot
materials. Such matters usually involve a defendant who offers
voters compensation for voting, followed by the voter applying for,
obtaining, and ultimately casting an absentee ballot. Each voting
transaction can involve as many as four separate mailings: (1) when
the absentee ballot application is sent to the voter, (2) when the
completed application is sent to the local election board, (3) when the
absentee ballot is sent to the voter, and (4) when the voter sends the
completed ballot back to the election authority for tabulation.
Because the mailing must be in furtherance of the scheme,
however, care should be taken to ensure that the voting transaction in
question was corrupted by a bribe before the mailing that is
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