39 protected suffrage. Through these dramatic acts and texts of amendment, ‘We the People’ of later eras have breathed new life into the Preamble’s old prose. (America’s Constitution, Akhil Reed Amar). Mr. Murad Reza tried to persuade the court that by judicial pronouncement in Dred Scott V. Sandford blacks became citizens of the United States. His submission is partially correct, but if the American constitutional history is looked into it was not so easy to comprehend. Nothing was in the original constitution aimed to eliminate slavery, even in the long run. No clause in the constitution declared that “slavery shall cease to exist by July 4, 1876, and Congress shall have power to legislate toward this end.” Article I temporarily barred Congress from using its otherwise plenary power over immigration and international trade to end the importation of African and Caribbean slaves. Not until 1808 Congress was not permitted to stop the inflow of slave ships; even then, Congress would be under no obligation to act. Another congressional clause of apportionment, Article I, gave States regulating perverse