538. Other grounds for annulment include: • coercive actions taken by the polling officials against voters that may have forced them to refrain from voting, or to vote against their will or without the proper legal guarantees; • violence against the polling officials during the voting process; • violence, coercion or threats against voters by candidates or other voters; • fraud, bribery, ‘treating’, the exercise of undue influence, intimidation or violence used on behalf of any candidate; • any generalized violence that impedes free and peaceful voting; • violation of the principle of the secret ballot; • campaign activities that are forbidden by law; • financial interference or abuse of a position of authority in such a way as to limit the freedom of the vote; • when the vote has been held on a date different from that indicated by the competent electoral organs, or during hours other than those provided for (except in the event of force majeure); • when the polling station has opened late or closed early without justified cause, maliciously depriving voters of the right to vote; and • when the vote has been held in a different place from the one authorized, or has been received by persons other than those authorized to do so, or, in general, when there have been grave irregularities that put the certainty of the vote in doubt. Most EDR systems establish a requirement to void the vote received in any polling stations where the irregularity involved may have affected the overall result of the election. Irregularities in the vote count or in the protocols 539. The following types of ground for annulment of the votes at a particular polling station are provided for: • conducting the count in a place other than the one authorized; • the use of violence against electoral officers as they conduct the vote count, to the extent that the result of the vote is affected; • fraud or errors in computing the votes that benefit a particular candidate or slate of candidates to the extent that it has affected the outcome of the election; • a difference of, for example, five or more between the number of voters and the number of ballot papers used; • the number of votes cast is greater than the number of registered electors; • there are more null votes than valid votes, or the number of ballot papers used is considerably more than the total number of electors registered at the particular polling station; 176