Conflict Competition between opposing forces, reflecting a diversity of opinions, preferences, needs or interests. Constitutional court A court concerned with constitutional issues, which may include the constitutionality of laws, procedures and outcomes related to electoral processes. Corrective measure Electoral challenges are intrinsically corrective as their effects include the annulment, modification or recognition of wrongful conduct in order to repair the violation that has been committed and restore the enjoyment of the electoral right involved. A corrective measure is taken to clean up the electoral process in such a way that the harmful effects of an irregular action do not continue and reach the point of substantially affecting the results – regardless of any other administrative sanction imposed on the transgressor. Declaration of results Oral or written formal public communication of the result of an electoral event. This may consist of the number of votes received by each candidate or political party contesting an election, and of the candidate(s) and/or party(ies) entitled to sit as/seat an elected member(s) under the provisions of the electoral law; or of the number of votes recorded for each of two or more options presented in the use of a direct democracy instrument. Direct democracy instrument Instrument which gives citizens the right to be directly involved in the political decision-making process. It may take one of four forms: referendum; citizens’ initiative, agenda initiative or a recall vote. Elector A person who is qualified and registered to vote in an election or under a direct democracy instrument. Electoral administration The measures necessary for conducting or implementing any aspect of an electoral process. Electoral administrative infraction An act or omission by an electoral body or official which contravenes or fails to meet the requirements of electoral laws or procedures but which is not defined by law as a criminal offence. Electoral challenge A complaint lodged by an electoral participant or stakeholder who believes that his or her electoral rights have been violated. Electoral commission A title often given to an Independent Model EMB or the non-governmental component of a Mixed Model EMB. 198