polling station (polling site, voting station, voting site) definition of, 204 EDRB and, 63 electoral challenges involving, 2, 19, 44-7, 84, 156-7, 163-4, 170-9, 188, 204 electronic, 51-2, 117, 167-8, 172, 191 EMB and, 6, 76, 119, 138, 156-8 political parties and, 63 Portugal constitutional court (Tribunal Constitucional) in, 72, 103-4, 107 EDRB in, 104 EDRS in, 72 electoral courts in, 72, 90 post-conflict countries, 97, 184-5 presidential elections, 63, 65 annulment of, 180 in Argentina, 66 in Austria, 70 in Brazil (2004), 117 in Costa Rica (2006), 2 in France, 100 in Kenya (2007), 3 in Mexico (2006), 2 in Taiwan, 70 in Turkey (2007), 2 in Ukraine (2004), 2 in United States, (1876), 61, 79, 191 in United States (2000), 2, 58, 61, 65-6, 172, 191 in Uruguay, 76 proportional representation systems, 153, 174, 180 proportionality, 123 punitive measures, 1, 7, 10, 38, 40, 42-3, 59, 169, 200, 205 Q quotas, gender, 50, 153 R recall, 6, 10, 19, 160, 174, 198, 205 recount 231 Index Dayton Agreement (1995), 97 EDR and, 79, 192 penalties administrative, 38, 41, 42, 50 criminal, 38, 42-3, 50 electoral, 1, 10, 41, 111, 201 Peru EDRB in, 92-3, 105 EDRS, 74, 123 electoral courts in, 74, 93 electoral crimes, prosecution of, 166 recounts in, 171, 174 Philippines, 90 pluralism, 23, 25, 34, 113 Poland EDRBs in, 146 EDRS in, 70, 90 electoral courts in, 90 political participation, right to, 15, 152, 155 political parties ADR and, 184-5, 189-90 EDR, participation in, 70, 158-61 EDRB, participation in, 97-9, 103-6, 11, 120, 130-1, 145-6, 158-9 EJS, participation in, 4, 23-4 EMB, participation in, 23-4, 26, 28-34, 38, 41, 63, 120, 137-9, 158-9, 185, 189-90 elections (internal), 6, 19, 23, 76, 86, 151-6, 160 electoral challenges by, 17-8, 68, 84-8, 121-2, 144, 148-9, 157, 161-3, 169 electoral infractions by, 11, 19, 41, 44, 47-9, 54, 73, 144, 151, 171-3 in Bhutan, 26 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 97 in Cambodia, 149-50 in France, 50 in Nicaragua, 2 in Spain, 2 resource oversight of, 61-3, 126, 156, 160 right to establish, 13 suppression of, 19, 41, 46, 49, 53, 131, 148-50, 175