Chapter 7. Basic elements of EDR systems ............................................... 137 1. Types of challenge ............................................................................... 137 a) Administrative challenges . ............................................................ 137 b) Judicial challenges .......................................................................... 138 c) Legislative challenges . ................................................................... 141 d) International challenges ................................................................. 142 2. Actions that may be challenged ......................................................... 143 a) Actions that can be challenged classified by the nature of the entity whose action or decision is being challenged .................. 144 b) Actions that can be challenged classified by the moment when the challenge is brought ...................................................... 148 3. Standing to bring challenges . ............................................................ 160 4. Time periods for filing challenges and for their resolution . ........... 162 5. Evidence . .............................................................................................. 165 a) The burden of evidence .................................................................. 165 b) Means of proof ................................................................................ 165 c) Systems for weighing evidence .................................................... 166 6. Remedies available from challenges to election results ................. 169 a) Modification of election results with a possible change in the winner .................................................................................... 170 b) Annulment of the election .............................................................. 178 c) Revoking a candidate’s election because of a failure to meet the eligibility requirements ............................................................ 180 7. Principles of consistency and the exhaustiveness of judgements or decisions .......................................................................................... 180 Chapter 8. Alternative EDR mechanisms .................................................. 183 1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 183 2. The evolution of alternative dispute resolution ............................... 184 3. Permanent AEDR mechanisms that exist alongside EDR mechanisms ................................................................................. 185 a) Key steps in the AEDR process ...................................................... 185 b) Countries with extensive experience of permanent AEDR mechanisms .............................................................................. 188 4. Ad hoc AEDR bodies created as an extraordinary mechanism to resolve a specific electoral conflict ............................................... 190 a) Ad hoc AEDR bodies established as an internal national solution .................................................................................. 190 b) International ad hoc AEDR bodies . ............................................... 192 XI