c) Examples of electoral crimes and offences 110. Possible perpetrators of electoral offences include electoral officials, party officials, candidates, non-electoral public employees, and citizens. The role of religious or community leaders in seeking to influence the electoral will of their followers is also an area in which there can be considerable discussion as to what is considered acceptable and what amounts to undue pressure. 111. Table 4.2 lists some examples of the forms of conduct that different legal systems define as electoral offences. Table 4.2. Forms of conduct that different legal systems define as electoral offences Actors Electoral offence Electoral fraud Electorate Voting without complying with legal requirements Voting more than once in a single election Voter coercion Electoral official Party official Party leader or candidate Public servant Knowingly allowing fraudulent behaviour on the part of the electorate Propagating false news regarding election day or results Anyone Committing personation or using documents that are not an elector’s own to vote Propagating false news regarding election day or results Requiring subordinates to vote in a certain way Bribery through gifts or money to voters, or promises of such Placing undue pressure on citizens to vote a certain way or not vote at all Making provision of a public service conditional on citizens’ voting in a certain way Exercising pressure or engaging in campaigning inside the polling station Violating the secrecy of the vote or the right to cast a vote freely Disseminating results of opinion polls outside the period allowed by law 45 4. EDR mechanisms to take their supporters to vote. It could thus be regarded as a provision to promote a level electoral playing field. Further, in many countries where elections are more open, transporting voters is allowed because the capacity for electoral mobilization is considered a legitimate part of political competition.