Annex A Glossary Ad hoc EDR system An EDR system that involves an ad hoc body derived from a provisional or transitional arrangement. This might be created either with international involvement, or as an internal national institutional solution. The key characteristic of this type of EDR system is its provisional or transitional nature: the ad hoc body is tasked with the resolution of the challenges arising from a specific election or series of elections held over a given period. The body itself may be legislative, judicial or administrative in nature. Adjudication The legal process of resolving a dispute. The formal giving or pronouncement of a judgement or decree in a court proceeding, which also includes the judgement or decision given. The entry of a decree by a court in respect to the parties in a case. It implies a hearing by a court, after notice, of legal evidence on the factual issue(s) involved. Administrative challenges Those challenges that are resolved by the EMB in charge of directing, organizing, administering and overseeing election procedures. Through such a challenge, those affected may oppose an electoral action or decision using a procedure in which either the same organ of the EMB that issued the action or decision being challenged or another of a higher rank decides the dispute. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) A means for disputing parties to come to an agreement short of litigation. ADR is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law and arbitration. (Sometimes a fifth type, conciliation, is included as well, but for the present purposes it can be regarded as a form of mediation.) ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems, or as a result of mistrust in the conventional system. 195