U Uganda AEDR in, 188 EDRS in, 70 electoral courts in, 70 Ukraine annulment in, 2 electoral justice rulings in, 2 presidential election (2004), 2 United Kingdom annulment in, 41, 178 common law tradition in, 58 EDRB in, 172, 178 EDRS in, 41, 44, 58, 62-4, 68-9, 86, 131, 159 electoral courts in, 38-9, 64, 68, 86, 124-5, 131, 178 electoral crimes in, 41, 179 electoral justice rulings in, 2 electoral results challenges, 124-5, 159, 163, 172, 178, 186-7 polling station irregularities in, 44-5 ‘Richmond Case’, 124-5 ‘Winchester Case’, 186-7 United Nations (UN), 34, 78 Secretary-General special appointments, 102, 192 United Nations Election Law for Cambodia (1992), 33 United Nations Human Rights Committee, 15 United Nations Human Rights Council, 142 United States of America (USA) ad hoc bodies and, 191 AEDR in, 184 common law tradition in, 58 constitution of, 63-4, 95, 191-2 EDRBs in, 95, 107, 111 EDRS in, 58, 61, 63-5, 86, 100, 127, 151, 161, 191-2 Electoral College, role of, 191 electoral courts in, 141, 151 electoral justice rulings, 2 electoral results challenges, 2, 58, 141, 164, 191 electronic voting in, 167-8 polling station irregularities, 172 presidential election (1876), 61, 79, 191 presidential election (2000), 2, 58, 61, 65-6, 172, 191 recounts, 2, 171-2, 174 See also US states, EDR in Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 13, 150, 202 universal suffrage, 12, 17, 91, 206 Uruguay annulment in, 178-9 EDRBs in, 99, 103, 160, 178 EDRS in, 103-4, 153 electoral courts in, 154 EMBs in, 158 USA. See United States of America US states, EDR in, 100, 172 Alabama, 172 California, 167-9 Florida, 2, 191 Illinois, 172 Kentucky, 172 Uzbekistan, 70 V Venezuela EDRS in, 74 electoral courts in, 107 EMB in, 74, 89, 93 Venice Commission’s Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters, 15 vote-buying, 11, 43, 176 voter access, 158, 168, 176 voter coercion, 45, 176 voter credentials, collection of, 46 233 Index constitution of, 77 EDRS in, 76, 178 electoral councils in, 76-7 electoral justice rulings in, 2 EMB in, 99, 178 nullification in, 178 presidential election (2007), 2