f) Categories of entity or person that commit infractions, and electoral administrative sanctions ......................................... 48 g) Electoral infractions regulated in various countries ................... 49 h) Other legal instruments . ................................................................ 50 Chapter 5. A general classification of EDR systems ................................ 1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 2. Criteria for classifying electoral dispute resolution systems ......... 3. The evolution of EDR systems . .......................................................... a) EDRSs entrusted to a legislative body or another political assembly ........................................................................... b) EDRSs entrusted to a judicial body ............................................... c) EDRSs entrusted to an electoral management body with judicial powers . ............................................................................... d) EDRSs entrusted to an ad hoc body . ............................................ 57 57 58 62 63 68 75 78 Chapter 6. Principles and guarantees of EDR systems . .......................... 83 1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 83 2. The tendency towards establishing judicial EDR systems . ............ 86 3. Guiding principles for EDRBs and the design of structural guarantees to entrench them ............................................................. 88 a) Independence of the EDRB . ........................................................... 89 b) Independence and impartiality of the members of the EDRB ...................................................................................... 94 c) The framework for accountability and liability of the EDRB and its members . ............................................................................ 109 d) Integrity and professionalism of the members of the EDRB ...... 112 e) The cost and sustainability of EDRBs ........................................... 114 4. Procedural guarantees of electoral dispute resolution systems .... 118 a) Transparency, clarity and simplicity in the provisions that regulate the EDRS ........................................................................... 119 b) Access to complete and effective electoral justice ..................... 121 c) Free electoral justice, or a service at a reasonable cost ............. 123 d) Timeliness ........................................................................................ 125 e) The right to a defence or a hearing and due process of law ...... 128 f) Full and timely enforcement of judgements and rulings . .......... 130 g) Consistency in the interpretation and application of the electoral laws ................................................................................... 131 X