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un contenido que no tiene un alcance regulador autónomo, como en el caso en el que se atacan palabras o expresiones precisas de una norma, deben tenerse en cuenta dos situaciones: “(i) que lo acusado sea un contenido comprensible como regla de derecho que pueda contrastarse con las normas constitucionales; y (ii) si los apartes que no han sido demandados perderían la capacidad de producir efectos jurídicos en caso de declararse la inexequibilidad del fragmento normativo demandado, evento en el cual es procedente la integración de la unidad normativa.”55 11. Con sustento en las reglas jurisprudenciales antes mencionadas, la Sala Plena considera necesario hacer una integración de la unidad normativa de los dos incisos del artículo 6° de la Ley 1996 de 2019, dado que ninguna de las demandas ataca este contenido de forma completa, pero los cargos que plantean son preocupaciones constitucionales que deben analizarse a la luz de la presunción de capacidad que se establece en aquella disposición. Además, se observa que los apartes que ataca una y otra demanda no tienen un contenido autónomo unívoco sin la lectura integral del artículo. En efecto, la presunta violación del artículo 13 de la Constitución y del artículo 12 de la CDPCD que alegan los demandantes se sustenta en que la norma presume la capacidad legal incluso para aquellos tipos de discapacidad cognitiva en las que la persona no tiene entendimiento del acto jurídico que va a realizar, y por tanto, no puede expresar de forma univoca su voluntad y preferencias. La lectura completa del enunciado normativo muestra que el legislador establece una presunción de la capacidad de goce y ejercicio para todas las personas en condiciones de discapacidad para la realización de actos jurídicos. Por ende, el cargo de los demandantes implica el contenido dispuesto en los primeros incisos de la norma y no solo los apartes que señalan. De ese modo, en virtud del principio de seguridad jurídica, la Corte 55 Corte Constitucional, Sentencia C-055 de 2010 (MP Juan Carlos Henao Pérez), Sentencia C-544 de 2007 (MP Marco Gerardo Monroy Cabra), Sentencia C-579 de 2013 (MP Jorge Ignacio Pretelt Chaljub; AV Jorge Iván Palacio Palacio; AV María Victoria Calle Correa; SPV Mauricio González Cuervo; AV Luis Guillermo Guerrero Pérez; AV Alberto Rojas Ríos; SPV Nilson Pinilla Pinilla; AV Gabriel Eduardo Mendoza Martelo), Sentencia C-286 de 2014 (MP Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva; AV María Victoria Calle Correa; AV Luis Guillermo Guerrero Pérez; SPV Alberto Rojas Ríos; AV Gabriel Eduardo Mendoza Martelo; SV Jorge Iván Palacio Palacio; AV Jorge Ignacio Pretelt Chaljub) y Sentencia C-246 de 2017 (MP Gloria Stella Ortiz Delgado; SPV Luis Guillermo Guerrero Pérez; AV Alejandro Linares Cantillo; AV Hernán Leandro Correa Cardozo (e); AV Antonio José Lizarazo Ocampo; AV Gloria Stella Ortiz Delgado; AV Aquiles Arrieta Gómez (e)). 43

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Sentencia C-025/21

Judgment

Question Presented: Whether Article 6 of Law 1996 of 2019, which establishes the presumption of full legal capacity for all persons with disabilities regardless of whether they use supports, is constitutional; whether Article 53 of Law 1996 of 2019, which repealed all provisions related to interdiction and inhabilitation in the Colombian legal system, is constitutional; and whether the shift from a substitute decision-making model (guardianship/interdiction) to a supported decision-making model is consistent with the Colombian Constitution and Colombia's international obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), ratified by Colombia via Act 1346 of 2009.

Alleged Acts: Law 1996 of 2019 was enacted to reform Colombia's legal capacity regime for persons with disabilities. The law eliminated the civil law mechanisms of "interdiction" (interdicción) and "inhabilitation" (inhabilitación) — forms of guardianship that historically stripped persons with disabilities of their legal capacity, including the right to vote, enter contracts, exercise parental authority, and participate in public life. Under the old regime, a judicial declaration of interdiction resulted in the automatic loss of legal capacity and civil rights, including political rights. Law 1996 of 2019 replaced this substitute decision-making model with a supported decision-making framework, establishing a legal presumption of full capacity for all persons with disabilities and creating mechanisms for "support agreements" (acuerdos de apoyos) and judicial adjudication of supports (adjudicación judicial de apoyos). Several citizens filed constitutional challenges (demandas de inconstitucionalidad) against various articles of Law 1996 of 2019, arguing that the elimination of interdiction and the presumption of full legal capacity for persons with disabilities was unconstitutional. The challengers contended that removing the traditional guardianship framework left vulnerable individuals without adequate protection and that the presumption of capacity could expose persons with disabilities to exploitation or harm.

Procedural history: The constitutional challenges were filed with the Colombian Constitutional Court, which has exclusive jurisdiction over abstract constitutional review of legislation. A companion decision, Sentencia C-022/21 (February 4, 2021), addressed a preliminary procedural challenge regarding whether Law 1996 of 2019 should have been enacted as a statutory law (ley estatutaria) requiring special procedural requirements, rather than an ordinary law. The Constitutional Court resolved that procedural issue, allowing the substantive review to proceed in Sentencia C-025/21.

Summary: Sentencia C-025/21 is a landmark Colombian Constitutional Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of Law 1996 of 2019, which abolished the centuries-old interdiction (guardianship) regime and replaced it with a modern supported decision-making framework. The Court ruled that the presumption of full legal capacity for all persons with disabilities is constitutional, that the prior interdiction system violated human rights — including the right to vote — and that even persons with severe intellectual disabilities must be provided with all reasonable accommodations to express their will and preferences. This ruling aligns Colombian law with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and represents one of the most significant constitutional reforms in Latin America regarding the legal capacity and political rights of persons with disabilities. The decision is particularly significant for disability voting rights because it eliminates the legal framework that automatically disenfranchised persons under guardianship and establishes an affirmative constitutional obligation to provide accommodations to facilitate political participation.

Conclusion: The Constitutional Court declared Articles 6 and 53 of Law 1996 of 2019 constitutional (exequible). The Court inhibited itself from ruling on certain other challenged articles but addressed the core provisions. The Court held that Article 6, establishing the presumption of full legal capacity for all persons with disabilities, is consistent with the Constitution's principles and with the provisions of Act 1346 of 2009 (CRPD). The Court affirmed that persons with disabilities are subjects of rights with full legal capacity on equal terms with others. The Court concluded that the prior interdiction regime violated the human rights of persons with disabilities. The denial of legal capacity prevented persons with disabilities from accessing other fundamental rights, including the right to vote, parental authority, and contractual autonomy. As stated in the Court's reasoning: "La negación de la capacidad jurídica de las personas con discapacidad les impide acceder a otros derechos, como el voto, la patria potestad..." (The denial of legal capacity prevents persons with disabilities from accessing other rights, such as voting, parental authority...). The Court declared Article 53 constitutional, affirming that the repeal of all interdiction and inhabilitation mechanisms was a necessary step to comply with Colombia's constitutional and international human rights obligations. The law expressly ordered the repeal of all mechanisms that substitute the legal capacity of persons with disabilities. The Court established that the presumption of legal capacity has a material effect requiring accommodations. As stated: "El efecto de la presunción del ejercicio de la capacidad legal se materializa en que, aún en un caso en el que la persona tiene una discapacidad intelectual y que se encuentra imposibilitada para manifestar su voluntad, debe garantizarse por todos los medios y los ajustes razonables que requiera, la manifestación de su voluntad y preferencias." (The effect of the presumption of the exercise of legal capacity materializes in that, even in a case where the person has an intellectual disability and is unable to manifest their will, their will and preferences must be guaranteed through all means and reasonable adjustments required.). The Court concluded that the recognition of legal capacity for adult persons with disabilities, provided they are given appropriate support and information, is in accordance with the Constitution's principles and with the provisions of Act 1346 of 2009 (approval of the CRPD). The law aligns Colombian jurisprudence with Article 12 of the CRPD, which requires states to recognize persons with disabilities as persons before the law with equal legal capacity in all aspects of life.

Legal Issue(s)

Accessibility
Voters' Rights

Applicable Law(s): Law 1996 of 2019, Colombia Constitution, Act 1346 of 2019, and the Convention on the Right of Disabled Persons

Region: Americas

Country: Colombia

Language of Decision

Spanish

Court: Constitutional Court

Election Type: General

Date of decision: Feb 4, 2021

Geolocation

Latitude: 4.599

Longitude: -74.0755

: Geolocation

Link: https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2021/c-025-21.htm

Primary Documents

C-025-21.pdf
Spanish
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