D.2. Legitimate voters represent the will of the electorate, but ballots of ineligible voters are invalid................................................................................................. 63 E. Application of mandatory/directory principles to specific types of statutes................. 65 E.1. Initialing of ballots: Requirements that officials initial the ballots ensure the integrity of the election and can be considered mandatory...................................... . 65 Johnson v. Trnka Fultz v. Newkirk Wilbourn v. Hobson E.2. Handling ballots: Technical irregularities in counting ballots do not void an election unless they change the results............................................................................ 68 Knight v. State Board of Canvassers E.3. Candidate qualification procedures: Irregularities in candidate nominating procedures will not void a candidate’s election............................................................. 69 Tate v. Morley E.4. Secrecy of the ballot: Technical requirements affecting the fundamental integrity of an election are mandatory after an election if the statute is totally disregarded................................................................................................................ 70 George v. Municipal Election Commission of the City of Charleston Taylor v. Town of Atlantic Beach Election Commission F. Substantial compliance with directory procedures will make ballots valid.................... 74 Boardman v. Esteva McNally v. Tollander In re McDonough Fladell v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board Taylor v. Central City Community School District Devine v. Wonderlich (1978) Kibbe v. Town of Milton Taft v. Cuyahoga Board of Elections G. Summary........................................................................................................................................ 82 Chapter 4. Fraud Invalidates the Ballot, but the Will of the Voter Will Still be Respected............... 85 A. Fraudulent votes cannot be included when determining the will of the electorate....... 85 Wesberry v. Saunders In re General Election for District Justice Jernigan v. Curtis A.1. Fraud which does not affect the election outcome might not invalidate an election if it is not pervasive.............................................................................................. 89 Nugent v. Phelps A.2. Fraud will invalidate procedures early in the election process as well as during the balloting and the vote count........................................................ 92 Flower v. D’Apice Williams v. District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics vii