International Foundation for Electoral Systems and Democracy International International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 14, §5, Dec. 19, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, 177, available at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20999/v999.pdf [hereinafter ICCPR]; Inter-American Convention on Human Rights, art.8(2)(h), Nov. 22, 1969, O.A.S.T.S. No. 36, available at http://www.oas.org/jurIdico/English/treaties/b-32.html; Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 2, Nov. 22, 1984, C.E.T.S. No. 117 (entered into force Nov. 1, 1988), available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/117.htm; African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, art.7(a), June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (entered into force Oct. 21,1986), available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/z1afchar.htm [hereinafter African Charter]; Constitutional Rights Project v. Nigeria, African Comm’n on Human and Peoples' Rights, Comm. No. 60/91 (1995) available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/comcases/60-91.html; UN Human Rights Comm., CCPR General Comment No. 32, Art. 14: Right to Equality Before Courts and Tribunals and to a Fair Trial, ¶¶ 47-50, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32 (Aug. 23, 2007), available at http://www.refworld.org/docid/478b2b2f2.html [hereinafter CCPR General Comment No. 32]. 45 ICCPR, supra note 44, art. 14, § 5; General Comment No. 32, supra note 44; U.N. Human Rights Comm., CCPR General Comment No. 13, Art. 14: Equality Before the Courts and the Right to a Fair and Public Hearing by an Independent Court Established by Law, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1 at ¶ 17 (1994) (April 13, 1984), available at http://ccprcentre.org/doc/ICCPR/General%20Comments/HRI.GEN.1.Rev.9%28Vol.I%29_%28GC13%29_en.pdf. 46 VENICE COMMISSION CODE, supra note 7, at 29-30. 47 Petkov v. Bulgaria, App. no. 77568/01, 2009 Eur. Ct. H.R. ¶ 63, available at http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-93027. 48 Steven H. Huefner, Remedying Election Wrongs, 44 HARV. J. ON LEGIS. 265, 291 (2007). 49 Universal Declaration on Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217(III), at art. 8 (Dec. 10, 1948), available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/; ICCPR, supra note 44, at art. 2, § 3(a),(c); African Charter, supra note 41, at art. 7, § 1; European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 13, Nov. 4, 1950, C.E.T.S. No. 5 (entered into force Sept. 3, 1953), available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm. 50 Huefner, supra note 48, at 291-92. 51 Venice Commission, Convention on the Standards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights and Freedoms in the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States, art. 10, § 2(f), Opinion No. 399/2006 (Jan. 22, 2007), available at http://www.eueom.eu/files/dmfile/compendium-of-int-standards-for-elections_en.pdf. 52 VENICE COMMISSION CODE, supra note 7, at 30. 53 ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE, OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: REVIEW OF THE ELECTION LEGISLATION FOR ELECTION DISPUTES, APPEALS AND PENALTIES 5 (2001), available at http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/kazakhstan/14597?download=true. 54 DARNOLF, supra note 6, at 21. 55 Organization of American States, Final Report, Expert Verification Mission of the Vote Tabulation of the November 28, 2010 Presidential Election in the Republic of Haiti 23 (2011). 56 For additional information and data, see id. 57 Id. at 20. 58 See Int’l Inst. for Democracy & Electoral Assistance, Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation and Code of Conduct for International Election Observers (2005), available at http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/observation_coc.cfm. 44 21