fewer costs and disadvantages on account of their matrimonial
status.”
68.
Applying these principles to the present case, I do not regard convicted
prisoners serving their sentence as in a comparable position either to free persons
or to remand prisoners awaiting trial. They have a very different status, to which it
is evident that very different considerations may apply and which are capable at
least of giving rise to very different arguments. It follows that, assuming that the
general principle of non-discrimination applies under European Union law to
eligibility to vote in European Parliamentary elections, there is in my view no basis
for its application in the context of a complaint that convicted prisoners are
discriminated against by reference to free persons or remand prisoners.
The position assuming contrary conclusions
69.
I have concluded that the appellants are not entitled to invoke European
law, because, firstly, it confers no individual right by reference to which the
Strasbourg case-law of Hirst (No 2) and Scoppola could be relevant (paras 58 and
59) and, secondly, the general principle of non-discrimination recognised in Eman
and Sevinger is not engaged (paras 63-64) or, if it is engaged, does not assist the
appellants (para 68). In what follows, I will, for completeness, consider the
position assuming opposite conclusions on all these points.
70.
If European law recognises an individual right to vote in European
Parliamentary and/or municipal elections, I would reject Mr Southey’s submission
that it would or might go further than the Strasbourg case-law in allowing
convicted prisoners the vote. Court of Justice jurisprudence pays close attention to
and, with very few exceptions, follows Strasbourg jurisprudence. Examples of
divergence are few and far between, although one may, ironically, have occurred
in a sequel to Eman and Sevinger concerning the right to vote in elections for the
Kingdom of Holland, in so far as it is arguable that the Strasbourg court went less
far in Sevinger and Eman v Netherlands (2007) 46 EHRR 179 than the Court of
Justice did in Eman and Sevinger itself: see an instructive case-note by Professor
Leonard F M Besselink on this Strasbourg authority in (2008) 45 CMLR 787. In
the present case, I reject in particular the submission that the Court of Justice
might return to the theme - suggested in Frodl v Austria (2010) 52 EHRR 267,
para 34 by reference to Hirst (No 2), para 82 – that it is essential that any
disenfranchisement of a convicted prisoner be ordered on a case by case basis by a
judge, rather than be pre-determined by an otherwise appropriate legislative
scheme. This suggestion was very clearly, and for very obvious reasons, rejected
by the Grand Chamber in Scoppola v Italy, paras 99-100, a rejection which the
simple Chamber in Anchugov, para 107, took pains to reiterate; see also (though
Page 36