DISCLAIMER The production of this book is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and in partnership with the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) and the Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening (CEPPS). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of the Africa Judges and Jurists Forum (AJJF), IFES, CEPPS, or USAID. These chapters are presented to advance dialogue and debate on critical issues around electoral justice on the continent. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the AJJF, IFES, CEPPS, or USAID concerning the legal status of any country, area, or territory, of its authorities, or concerning the conduct of its elections. iii