Principle 3: Effective Investigation for review.”350 It is important to establish the obligations of managers and supervisors in order to mitigate the occurrence of malpractice by employees. The American Bar Association, for instance, states that managers and supervisors must make “reasonable efforts” to ensure that employees comply with the rules of professional conduct and that they can be sanctioned for an employee’s malpractice.351 In reviewing complaints about investigators, investigative bodies must also balance the rights of citizen to complain with the rights of investigators.352 Some bodies, particularly those that are permanent, institute complaint systems for issues relating to staff performance and misconduct. Although most allegations usually go through a supervisor, the investigative body could also designate a different point of contact, particularly for claims involving supervisors or senior officials.353 Mechanisms for internal review of more serious offenses, particularly those involving the conduct of senior-level staff members and officials, include internal investigation units or ad hoc disciplinary committees composed of senior officials. While minor offenses can be addressed internally, it may be necessary to examine more serious offenses outside the immediate chain of command. 354 The following subsections discusses the evaluation of investigator performance, codes of conduct, and disciplinary measures. Evaluation of Investigator Performance Early and accurate reporting of investigator performance helps establish and maintain an investigative body’s credibility.355 In addition to addressing misconduct, inspection and monitoring measures are essential for evaluating the general quality of investigative operations, for ensuring that the investigative body’s priorities are being met, and for ensuring proper management and control of investigations.356 Hence, investigative bodies should consider incorporating a mechanism for 350 U.N. Handbook on Practical Anti-Corruption Measures for Prosecutors and Investigators, supra note 80, at 41. 351 ABA Comm. On Ethics & Prof’ Responsibility, Formal Op. 467, 3, 12 (2014). 352 Cf. OSCE Guidebook for Democratic Policing, supra note 336, ¶ 87. 353 Cf. U.N. Handbook on Practical Anti-Corruption Measures for Prosecutors and Investigators, supra note 80, at 41. 354 Id. 355 OSCE Guidebook for Democratic Policing, supra note 336, ¶ 123. 356 Id. ¶ 92. 107