Appeal A request made to a higher EDRB to confirm, reverse or modify a decision made by a lower EDRB. Campaign (electoral) Any form of political activity aimed at increasing support for a candidate, political party or choice available to voters in preparation for an election or a direct democracy instrument during a defined campaign period, including meetings, rallies, speeches, parades, broadcasts, debates and other events, and the use of the media, the Internet or any other form of communication. Campaign financing The funding of a political campaign using monies received through fundraising, contributions, and so on. Candidate A person who is nominated to contest an election either as a political party representative or independent of any political party’s support. Certification of results The formal endorsement and confirmation of the announcement of electoral results. Complaint The first document filed with the court by a person or entity claiming legal rights against another. Conciliation A method of dispute resolution by means of discussion and settlement without going to court. Conflict Competition between opposing forces, reflecting a diversity of opinions, preferences, needs or interests. Constitutional court A court concerned with constitutional issues, which may include the constitutionality of laws, procedures and outcomes related to electoral processes. Corrective measure Electoral challenges are intrinsically corrective as their effects include the annulment, modification or recognition of wrongful conduct in order to repair the violation that has been committed and restore the enjoyment of the electoral right involved. A corrective measure is taken to clean up the electoral process in such a way that the harmful effects of an irregular action do not continue and reach the point of substantially affecting the results—regardless of any other administrative sanction imposed on the transgressor. Declaration of results Oral or written formal public communication of the result of an electoral event. This may consist of the number of votes received by each candidate or political party contesting an election, and of the candidate(s) and/or party(ies) entitled to sit as/ seat an elected member(s) under the provisions of the electoral law; or of the number of votes recorded for each of two or more options presented in the use of a direct democracy instrument. Electoral administration The measures necessary for conducting or implementing any aspect of an electoral process. Electoral administrative infraction An act or omission by an electoral body or official which contravenes or fails to meet the requirements of electoral laws or procedures but which is not defined by law as a criminal offence. 58