WALLIS AJ [104] If the outcome of these by-elections is set aside, that will have certain consequences beyond merely the need to hold fresh by-elections. Councillors who have been holding office for between 22 months and two years will be removed, with the loss of salary and other benefits to which the holding of that office entitles them. The evidence does not go so far as to suggest that any of them or the party they represent were responsible for the electoral irregularities. But none of them, although afforded the opportunity to do so by the Electoral Court, entered the lists to point out why, if there were deficiencies in the electoral process, these should not be remedied by setting aside the elections and holding by-elections. Nor did the IEC suggest that there were any insuperable logistical difficulties facing it in convening further by-elections. I do not think that these issues are relevant to the decision we must make. [105] A possible relevant factor is that a national municipal election must take place at some time between next May and next August. Allowing for the elapse of time between the argument and the finalisation of this judgment, as well as the logistical requirements for holding by-elections, it seems unlikely that fresh by-elections could be arranged and held more than a few months prior to the national municipal elections. The voters in these wards will then have the opportunity to choose fresh councillors and the applicants will have a renewed opportunity to advance their claims to election to public office. Elections are not inexpensive and impose costs upon public funds as well as upon the participants. Is it desirable that these costs be imposed upon all concerned when the voters will in any event go to the polls a matter of a few months later? [106] It is notorious that voter turnout in by-elections is usually low and voters who know that they will in any event be called on to vote again relatively soon, will be results of an election. I simply say that a by-election is second best and cannot serve to lessen the significance of setting aside an election or the caution that must be exercised before doing so.” 54

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