LESSONS ON GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 0 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Gender, Elections, and the Courts .............................................................................................................................. 6 Quotas on Trial—Constitutionality and Implementation .............................................................................................. 7 Constitutionality of Quotas ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Enforcing Quotas ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 From Voluntary Political Party Quotas to Gender Parity: Mexico Leading the Way .................................................. 11 Affirmative Actions and Intersecting Identities ....................................................................................................... 12 Adjudicating Political Violence Against Women ..................................................................................................... 15 Conclusion—What do these cases tell us about gender equality?............................................................................ 16 4