associated with them should be stipulated in the criminal code. Criminal prosecution and administrative action by election officials to correct a problem can be used in conjunction with each other. Also, whether criminal prosecution is the appropriate remedy to the case presented is a crucial issue. In particular, criminal investigation by law enforcement agencies or departments of the relevant ministries should be instigated and conducted in a way that eliminates, or at least minimizes, the possibility of it becoming a factor in the election. These are the four pillars upon which the standard monitoring system and the generic guidelines for election dispute resolution described in this report lie. 8