F Finland administrative courts in, 73, 91 constitution of, 91 EDRS in, 73 France constitution of (1946), 64 constitution of (1958), 63, 159 constitutional council (Conseil Constitutionnel), 64-5, 71, 100, 102, 105, 107, 122, 128, 159-60 EDRB in, 105, 107, 122, 128, 159-60 EDRS in, 63-5, 132 electoral challenges in, 100, 122, 128, 159 electoral law in, 50 legislative abuses in, 64-5 ‘Parity Law’ (2000), 50 quotas, 50 overseas departments of, 50 Index Estonia administrative challenge in, 178 EMB in, 178 EDRS in, 70 electoral results challenges in, 162 Ethiopia AEDR in, 188 EDRS in, 58 electoral results challenges in, 70 European Convention on Human Rights (1950), 2, 17 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950), 13, 15, 142 European Court of Human Rights, 2, 16, 142 European Parliament, elections, 129 European Union (EU), 17 Europe, Eastern democratic transition in, 66, 72 EDRS in, 70 political parties in, 157 See also individual countries Europe, Central democratic transition in, 72 See also individual countries Europe, Western constitutional courts in, 16, 70, 86 See also individual countries G Gambia, 92 Georgia constitutional court (saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo), 72, 102 electoral challenges in, 102 Germany constitutional court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), 3, 16, 65, 71, 102-4, 150 EDRS in, 16, 71 electoral challenges in, 141, 161 Ghana, 185 Greece electoral courts in, 74-5 electoral tribunals, temporary, 75 Guatemala constitutional court, 74,164 EDRB in, 93, 111, 164, 166 EDRS in, 74, 100 electoral challenges in, 162 electoral tribunal (Tribunal Supremo Electoral), 93 Guyana constitution of, 96 electoral challenges in, 162 H Harare Commonwealth Declaration (1991), 13 Help America Vote Act (HAVA), 168-9 Honduras EDRB in, 104 EMBs in, 154 electoral challenges in, 162 electoral courts in, 74 electoral laws in, 153 proportional representation in, 153 human rights, 12-5, 20, 23, 25, 29-30, 57, 89, 121, 142, 227