automatic, 172 manual, 2, 171 partial, 129, 170-4 total, 2, 171-2, 174 See also under individual countries and US states referendum, use of, 2, 6, 10, 19, 37, 100, 157-60, 174, 198, 205 in Austria, 70 in France, 71, 100, 128-9, 159-60 in Russia, 140-1 Romania, 72 rule of law, 9, 15, 23, 25, 27, 65, 68, 79, 84-5, 89, 96, 118, 133, 151, 200 Russia EMB in, 70 EDRS in, 70 electoral crimes in, 179 electoral results challenges in, 162-3 See also Russian Federation Russian Federation electoral courts in, 90, 140-1 S Samoa, 188 sanctions, 19, 38, 40-56, 205 administrative, 42-3, 48, 130-1, 154-5 criminal, 43-4, 130 financial, 49-50 Sierra Leone, 33 Slovakia constitutional court (Ústavný Sud) in, 72, 91, 101, 105, 107 constitution of, 96 EDRB in 105 EDRS in, 72 Slovenia constitutional court in, 100 EDRS in, 72 socialist states, 66-7 South Africa ADR and AEDR in, 184-5, 188 EDRB in, 101 electoral courts in, 16, 74-5, 101-2, 189 EMB in, 60, 74, 189 232 Independent Electoral Commission, 184-5 party liaison committees in, 184, 189 Southern African Development Community (SADC), 192 Spain administrative courts, 40 constitutional court (Tribunal Constítucional), 2, 16, 72, 150 civil law tradition in, 58 EDRB in, 155, 178 EDRS in, 40, 58, 72, 86, 155 electoral justice rulings in, 2 stare decisis, 92, 131, 197, 204, 206 Sweden EDRS in, 74 Elections Review Council (Valprövingsnämnden), 75, 100, 105 electoral courts in, 74-5 Switzerland EDRS in, 65-6 prior judicial review in, 141 T Taiwan EDRB in, 172 EDRS in, 58, 70 electoral courts in, 70 electoral justice rulings in, 2 electoral results challenges in, 70 presidential elections in, 70, 172 recounts in, 2, 172-3 Thailand constitutional court, 2 electoral justice rulings in, 2 partial election in, 180 Timor-Leste ad hoc bodies in, 78 ADR and AEDR in, 78 EDRS in, 78, 90 Turkey annulment, 2 administrative challenge in, 178 constitutional courts in, 2