Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies: Refining the Vocabulary Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank several IFES colleagues who provided invaluable guidance while writing and refining this paper, including Staffan Darnolf, Rakesh Sharma, David Ennis and Bella Desai. We are also grateful to Dr. Jørgen Elklit for taking the time to review our work. Foreword Regrettably enough, electoral fraud and electoral malpractice are still things to be concerned about as the two continue to distort electoral processes and electoral integrity in many countries around the world. However, the discussion among electoral practitioners and scholars about issues of electoral integrity, fraud and malpractice has suffered from a regrettable lack of agreement about definitions and interpretations of such phenomena. It is, therefore, very commendable that IFES has put effort into an attempt to provide definitions and a vocabulary, which in my opinion are clear, consistent and potentially very useful if/when applied not only by scholars, but also by electoral practitioners trying to decrease the prevalence of electoral fraud and electoral malpractice. Jørgen Elklit, Professor of Political Science, Aarhus University, Denmark 1