implementation and enforcement, and whether a summary judge would have time to make such a determination within 48 hours. Rapid and summary judgment can be effective to remove harmful content or sanction responsible actors and ultimately protect the integrity of elections. But these proceedings require preparation and adequate financial and human resources to provide such remedies expeditiously. B. Courts Pushing Back – Imposing Significant Sanctions In some jurisdictions, courts have been so concerned about the potential impact of disinformation campaigns that, in cases brought before them, they have imposed significant sanctions against the individuals behind those campaigns. For instance, the controversial 2022 Brazilian presidential election gave rise to several legal challenges on the results. Even before the election period began, former President Jair Bolsonaro claimed, without evidence, that Brazil’s electronic voting machines were vulnerable to hackers and fraud. After losing his campaign for re-election, Bolsonaro began claiming publicly that the system was “rigged”, and the election had been stolen from him. The Superior Electoral Court ruled in Civil Petition No. 0601958-94.2022.6.00.0000 that Bolsonaro’s claims lacked sufficient evidence and therefore held that they had been made in “bad faith.” The Court also pointed to Bolsonaro’s conduct, stating that it was “extremely serious, with wide repercussions, including … several narratives … that questioned the fairness of the electoral process before this Superior Court, which irresponsibly boosted criminal and anti-democratic movements.” The Court enforced a fine of R $22.9 million (about USD $4.3 million) against Bolsonaro’s political party coalition for litigation in bad faith. Additionally, the Court held that “the challenge to the vote appeared aimed at incentivizing anti-democratic protest movements and creating tumult” 53 and ordered an investigation of the party’s president. 54 After continued claims of a rigged, stolen election and attacks by Bolsonaro’s supporters in Brazil’s National Congress, Supreme Court, and Presidential Palace on January 8, 2023, the Superior Electoral Court barred Bolsonaro from running for office for eight years. Referring to Bolsonaro’s claims, President of the Court Alexandre de Moraes stated in Electoral Judicial Investigation Action 0600814-85.2022.6.00.0000, “These are not possible opinions, they are fraudulent lies.” Minister Benedito Gonçalves was the first to vote against Bolsonaro; he noted that the former president was directly and personally responsible for practicing “illegal conduct for the benefit of his candidacy for re-election.” 55 Reed, B. (2022, November 24). “Brazil judge fines Bolsonaro allies millions after ‘bad faith’ election challenge.” The Guardian. Superior Electoral Court, December 15, 2022, Civil Petition No. 0601958-94.2022.6.00.0000 (Bra.). 55 Superior Electoral Court, June 30, 2023, Civil Petition No. 0600814-85-94.2022.6.00.0000 (Bra.). 53 54 16