Cite as: 609 U. S. ____ (2026) 5 Opinion of the Court defend the judgment of the Sixth Circuit and the constitutionality of the political-party coordinatedexpenditure limits. He has ably discharged his responsibilities. II Before addressing the merits, we must ensure our jurisdiction under Article III. At the outset of the litigation, at least one of the plaintiffs—then-candidate for Senate JD Vance—undisputedly had standing to challenge the law’s restriction on coordinated expenditures. But amicus and intervenors contend that the case is now moot. First, as amicus and intervenors see things, the Vice President no longer faces a credible threat of enforcement if his campaign coordinates with a political party that makes coordinated expenditures above the statutory limits. That is because the Executive Branch has concluded that the political-party coordinated-expenditure limits are unconstitutional; as a result, the Federal Election Commission presumably will no longer enforce the limits. Cf. Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 573 U. S. 149, 159 (2014). But FECA also provides for private suits in certain circumstances if the FEC fails to act. 52 U. S. C. §§30109(a)(1), (a)(8)(A), (a)(8)(C). And the threat of private enforcement is sufficiently credible that this dispute “is still very much alive.” Chafin v. Chafin, 568 U. S. 165, 173 (2013). Second, amicus and intervenors assert that the case is moot because Vice President Vance is no longer a candidate for office. Although then-Senator Vance may once have planned to run as a candidate for re-election to the Senate in 2028, amicus and intervenors say that the now-Vice President has no “concrete and definite plans to run for any specific federal office” in the future, so FECA’s political-