publish it in spoken, written, photographed, or other form within the confines of the law. Personal criticism and constructive criticism are a guarantee for the safety of national development. Article 13: Freedom of the press, printing, publication and media are guaranteed, and censorship is forbidden, as are giving ultimatums and stopping or cancelling publication from an administrative channel. Exception may be made in the case of national emergency or time of war, allowing limited censorship of newspapers, publication, and media on matters related to general safety or the purposes of national security, all according to the law. Article 14: It is not permitted for any citizen to be denied residence in a particular area, nor requiring him/her to reside in a particular place, except in cases designated by law. Article 15: It is not permitted to expel a citizen from the country or forbid him/her from returning, or to give up political refugees. Article 16: Citizens have the right of private assembly in peace without bearing arms without the need for prior notice. It is not permitted for security forces to attend these private meetings. Public meetings, processions and gatherings are permitted within the confines of the law. Article 17: Any attack on the personal freedom or sanctity of life of citizens or other rights and general freedoms which are guaranteed by the constitution and law is a crime, which will be followed by a criminal or civil suit according to the statute of limitations. The state guarantees fair compensation for whoever experiences such an aggression. Article 18: Public taxes will be instituted and their amendment or cancelation will take place by law. No one will be excluded from taxation except in cases stated in law. It is not permitted for anyone to charge another to pay taxes or fees except within the bounds of law. Article 19: Personal penalty. There will be no crime or penalty except according to the law. Punishment will not take place except by judicial ruling, nor will punishment occur for acts that take place before enactment of the relevant law. Article 20: The accused is innocent until proven guilty in a court of law that guarantees for him/her defense. Every accused in a crime is required to have an attorney to defend him/her. Article 21: Litigation is a safeguarded and guaranteed right for all people, and every citizen has the right to resort to his natural judge. The state guarantees close association of judicial apparatuses with litigants, in addition to a speedy trial of matters. The text of the law forbids any action or administrative decision from being absolved of judicial oversight. Article 22: The right to defend one’s self in person or by proxy is guaranteed. The law guarantees those unable monetarily to defend themselves to resort to the judiciary for means to defend their rights. Article 23: Anyone arrested or detained will be notified of the reason for his/her detention immediately. He/she has the right to contact whomever he/she desires and inform them of the arrest and seek help, according to the law. It is necessary that accusations be announced with haste, and the detained has the right to appeal in front of the judiciary to determine the circumstances in which his/her personal freedom was suspended. The law organizes the right to present a grievance in order to guarantee a decision in a limited time period, or else the detainee’s release is inevitably released. Article 24: Laws are issued and executed in the name of the people. Suspension or avoidance of their execution on the part of public employees is a crime punishable by law. The plaintiff has the right to bring the criminal case directly to a specialized court. Article 25: The president of the state is the president of the republic. He/She shall assert the sovereignty of the people, respect for the constitution and sovereignty of the law, and defense of national unity and social justice, according to means stipulated in this Announcement and the law. He/she shall undertake upon assuming his/her position responsibilities referred to in Article 56 of this Announcement, except for what is stipulated in provisions 1 and 2 of the Article. Article 26: It is required for whoever is elected president of the republic to be Egyptian, born of two Egyptian parents who do not have another citizenship, enjoying his/her political and civil rights, not married to a non-Egyptian, and not falling under the age of 40 years. IFES Page 12 of 18