conciliation AEDR and, 183, 185-7, 189, 195-6 definition of, 195-7 Congo, Democratic Republic of (DRC) AEDR in, 185 constitutional councils advantages of, 133 disadvantages of, 133 in Burkina Faso (Conseil Constitutionnel), 28-9, 72 in Cambodia, 72, 188 in Cameroon, 72 in France (Conseil Constitutionnel), 64-5, 71, 100, 102, 105, 107, 122, 128, 159-160 in Kazakhstan (Konstïtwcıq Kengesí), 72, 102 in Mozambique, 72 See also constitutional courts constitutional courts advantages of, 133, 138-9, 153 definition of, 138-9, 198 disadvantages of, 133 in Bulgaria (Konstitucionen súd), 102, 107 in Croatia (Ústavní Soud), 101, 107 in Czech Republic (Ústavní Soud), 96, 100-1 in Georgia (saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo), 72, 102 in Germany, 3, 16, 65, 71, 102-4, 150 in Guatemala, 164 in Indonesia (Mahkamah Kontitusi), 72, 91, 96, 107, 117-8 in Lithuania, 101, 104, 107 in Moldova (Curtea Constitutională), 173 in Portugal (Tribunal Constitucional), 103-4, 107 in Slovakia (Ústavný Súd), 101, 105, 107 professionalism and, 105, 108 term limits and, 107 See also constitutional councils Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), 13, 17 224 Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level (1992), 17 Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1962), 13, 17 Costa Rica constitution of, 91 EDRB in, 92-3, 111, 153, 178 EDRS in, 74, 76-7, 86, 91 electoral courts in, 74, 77, 91, 99, 107, 162 electoral tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones) in, 76, 91-2, 99, 107, 153 electoral justice rulings, 2 electoral results challenges in, 162, 178 EMB in, 74, 76-7, 91, 99, 153 political parties in, 86 polling station regulation in, 171 quotas in, 153 recounts in, 2, 171 Cyprus, Republic of, 162 Czech Republic constitution of, 86 Constitutional Court (Ústavní Soud), 96, 100-1 democratic transition in, 72 EDRB in, 96 EDRS in, 72 electoral results challenges, 162 D Dayton Agreement (1995), 97 Declaration on Criteria for Free and Fair Elections (1994), 13, 5, 77 See also under Inter-Parliamentary Council democracy emerging, 5 constitutional, 85 direct, 6, 10, 19, 160, 197-201, 205-7 (see also direct democracy instruments) internal, 19, 23, 34, 146-8, 151-2 (see also under political parties) representative, 6, 148 Denmark, 65