United Kingdom, 124, 186 United States (USA), 191 ‘Winchester Case’ (UK), 186-7 electoral dispute resolution (EDR) challenges administrative, 67, 70, 84, 137-8, 178, 190, 105 case studies (see under electoral dispute resolution (EDR) case studies) citizen, 73, 130, 160-2, 198 classification of, 39-40, 80, 128, 143-59 judicial, 62, 84, 137-41, 161, 203 legislative, 141, 178, 203 international, 137, 142, 202 remedies from, 169-82 requirements for, 160-8 time limits, filing, 162-4 See also under names of individual countries electoral dispute resolution mechanism (EDRM), 37-8, 200 See also under annulment; sanctions electoral dispute resolution system (EDRS) access to, 3, 121-2 ad hoc bodies and, 16-7, 60, 78-82, 195, 199 application of, 131-6 classification of, 57-80 consistency of, 119, 131-6, 180-1 definition of, 38, 94, 199 EMB-entrusted, 27, 75-7, 200 impartiality of, 94-108 independence of, 94-108 information technology applications and, 115-9 (see also polling station electronic; voting: electronic) judicial, 68-74, 86-7, 203 (see also constitutional courts; constitutional councils) legislative, 61-7, 85, 138, 178, 199, 204 mixed legislative-administrative, 65-6, 138, 204 timeliness of, 118-9, 125-7, 130-1 226 transparency of, 3, 15, 29, 33, 51, 99, 110, 116, 118-21 electoral justice ad hoc bodies and, 134 definition of, 9-15 defence of, 16-7 electoral cycle and, 3, 6-7, 9, 18-22, 27-8, 75, 143, 145, 148 importance of, 1-8 electoral justice system (EJS) definition of, 200 classification of, 38 elements of, 10 important factors for, 4 prevention of disputes and, 23-34 rule of law and, 9, 15, 23, 25, 27, 65, 68, 79, 84-5, 89, 96, 118, 133, 151, 200 electoral management body (EMB) definition of, 200 electoral courts and, 199 electoral commissions and, 198 Governmental Model, 202 Independent (autonomous) Model, 145, 198, 202 lower-level, 203 Mixed Model, 145, 198, 204 performance of, 27 political consensus and, 26 polling station control by, 204 professionalism, 27 transitional, 206 See also under individual countries electoral rights definition of, 12-3 establishment of, 13 human rights instruments and, 13 principle, 14 electronic justice, 115-8 El Salvador civil law in, 92 electoral courts in, 74, EDRB in, 104 EMB in, 92 EMB. See electoral management body